Since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that smallpox was eradicated in 1980, researchers have only had animal analogs to test treatment options.
Post-Exposure Vaccination
Giving a patient the smallpox vaccine after the patient has already been exposed was the main treatment of choice if it was thought that there would be time for the vaccine to work. The treatment was not an option if the patient already had developing lesions. However, there had been a decrease in severity of smallpox and in some cases, it was likely that smallpox never developed as a result of post-exposure vaccination.
Unfortunately, the data obtained during the years when healthcare officials were actively eradicating the disease are not necessarily accurate to a modern outbreak.
The vaccine used during the eradication years was the first generation and today’s version might be more or less effective. Likewise, side effects of the vaccine might be different and will certainly have different frequencies of common effects.
Antiviral Medications
Because there have been no more cases of actual smallpox occurring in humans since 1977, there’s no way to test new antiviral medications on a human infected with the variola virus. Instead, researchers use humans infected with other orthopoxviruses or on primates infected with live variola virus. There are two potential new antiviral drugs being developed and one is already being stockpiled in the event of a smallpox outbreak.
Animal testing shows that administration of an antiviral medication after lesions appear—that’s the expected clinical sign that tells doctors that a patient has smallpox—does shorten the illness in a statistically significant way. However, antiviral medications are not a panacea and even if the drugs are effective for smallpox in humans, dosing might be way off in the initial cases.
Prevention
Since treatment for smallpox is limited to only vaccination and a couple of untested antiviral medications, prevention becomes the best treatment option.
These live virus specimens are kept for research purposes in order to help identify potential drugs and other treatment options.
The two biggest threats to create a smallpox outbreak are either release of the live variola virus (accidentally or intentionally) or a mutation of another orthopoxvirus, most likely the mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) virus, to affect humans in a similar way as the smallpox disease.
